| Group I | Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺ | Dil. HCl | Pb²⁺: K₂Cr₂O₇ Test | Yellow ppt. of PbCrO₄ | Pb²⁺ + Cr₂O₇²⁻ → PbCrO₄↓ |
| | | Ag⁺: NH₃ Test | White ppt. dissolves in excess NH₃ | AgCl + 2NH₃ → [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ |
| Group II | Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺ | H₂S in dil. HCl | Cu²⁺: Ammonia Test | Blue solution | Cu²⁺ + 4NH₃ → [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ |
| | | Pb²⁺: K₂Cr₂O₇ Test | Yellow ppt. of PbCrO₄ | Pb²⁺ + Cr₂O₇²⁻ → PbCrO₄↓ |
| Group III | Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺ | NH₄OH + NH₄Cl | Fe³⁺: K₄[Fe(CN)₆] Test | Prussian blue ppt. | Fe³⁺ + [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ → Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃↓ |
| | | Al³⁺: Aluminon Test | Red lake formation | Al³⁺ + Aluminon → Red complex |
| Group IV | Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ | H₂S in NH₄OH | Zn²⁺: NaOH Test | White ppt. dissolves in excess | Zn²⁺ + 2OH⁻ → Zn(OH)₂↓ |
| | | Mn²⁺: Ammonium Peroxodisulfate Test | Pink color | Mn²⁺ + (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ → MnO₄⁻ (pink) |
| Group V | Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ | (NH₄)₂CO₃ | Ca²⁺: Flame Test | Brick-red flame | Ca²⁺ → Brick-red flame |
| | | Ba²⁺: K₂Cr₂O₇ Test | Yellow ppt. | Ba²⁺ + Cr₂O₇²⁻ → BaCrO₄↓ |
| Group VI | Mg²⁺ | (NH₄)₂HPO₄ | Mg²⁺: Magneson Test | Blue ppt. | Mg²⁺ + NH₄HPO₄ → MgNH₄PO₄↓ |
| Soluble Group | Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺ | No ppt. formed | Na⁺: Flame Test | Golden-yellow flame | Na⁺ → Golden-yellow flame |
| | | NH₄⁺: Nessler’s Test | Brown ppt. | NH₄⁺ + Nessler’s Reagent → Brown complex |